Abstract
This paper explains the dark energy and acceleration of the universe by quantizing the space in
hidden dimensions, which provides the basis and background for the gravitational force. Space-time
is considered to be made of a four-dimensional elastic grid in a seven-dimensional universe in which
matter also expands along with the universe. Each cube of the grid is considered a quantum of hidden
three-dimensional space of Planck volume containing Planck charge, which makes the universe
seven dimensional. The dark energy is explained by the electrostatic repulsion between Planck
charges in each quantum of the hidden space. Mathematically, this electrostatic repulsion is related
to the Hubble constant, which explains the accelerated expansion, dark energy, and increase in the
cosmological potential energy of the matter. Expansion of space-time is considered not due to the
creation of the new space but due to the stretching of the existing space-time itself like an elastic
ruler where the proper length and volume remain constant. The relative values of the Planck constant,
gravitational constant, permittivity of free space, and Boltzmann constant are shown to vary owing
to the expansion or contraction of space-time in the cosmological, gravitational, and relativistic
frameworks. This theory also builds a preliminary framework for the relativistic Newtonian theory
of gravity and relativistic MONDian (Modified Newtonian dynamics) gravity, identifies a valid
reason for the transition of Newtonian gravity to MOND at a0, and explains the dynamics of galaxy
clusters without the dark matter.