Complexity by Design: a nature-inspired approach to generative product design

Biological morphogenesis can be analysed from different points of view: from the construction of form during embryonic development to the evolutionary origin and diversification of morphologies. In these contexts, we can identify key interaction networks governing the functional responses of cells (or organisms) to internal and external stimuli in a wide variety of signalling—sensing—response conditions. We have been focusing on the properties of these interaction networks as complex systems, analysing their temporal and spatial dynamics, parameter sensitivity, robustness to varying conditions, adaptability, potential for self-organisation and pattern formation, among others. Taking as a source of knowledge and inspiration the mechanisms responsible for the generation of form and function in nature, we are currently applying a complex systems approach to develop and test new algorithms for the generative design of artificial products and systems. Our approach draws directly on a set of biophysical mechanisms that can generate functional dynamics and organised form as emergent properties of the system (e.g. regulatory networks, reaction-diffusion, surface instabilities). In contrast to linear parametric approaches, these generative processes behave as complex systems, leading to non-linear responses to changes in parameter values. In this way, we can perform rich and unpredictable explorations of possible variants that are capable of meeting a predefined set of design requirements and constraints. In proof-of-principle applications we discuss how form and function are associated in these emergent morphologies, and highlight the essential creative role of the designer in the process.