Singularity Analysis in f(R) Gravity and f(Q) Gravity

The occurrence of singularity is a consequence of consideration of the erroneous hypothesis of the existence of exclusively unambiguous charges. For example, at first sight, a diamond is a single-charge crystal. However, it consists of carbon atoms, each of which forms covalent bonds with four other carbon atoms, creating a strong three-dimensional structure. There are no ions with single charges in the diamond crystal lattice, as the carbon atoms share electrons uniformly without forming charged particles. The quantum theory of gravitation unambiguously indicates that the exchange of gravitons takes place exclusively between electrically neutral atoms, not their nuclei (see here “The a priori theory of everything”, paragraph “Quantum-relativistic of Newton's law of universal gravitation”). Gravitation disappears as soon as the atom is ionized completely or, as a result of high pressure, electrons are pressed into the nucleus, forming neutrons. This effect is seen in the final stage of a star's life, the Cepheid stage. Only it can explain the rapid and gigantic changes in the diameters of stars.