Effect of Viscous Force on the Hubble Sphere: Superfluid Dynamics and the Role of Dark Energy in Preventing Universal Contraction

We calculate the viscous force of the Hubble sphere in a black hole RH = ct universe. We then prove that for the viscous force to be equal to the gravitational force of the Hubble sphere, the speed of the fluid must be the speed of light c. This supports the idea that the Hubble sphere vacuum energy is a kind of superfluid that is indeed a form of energy, which, in turn, can be interpreted as dark energy. Our analysis demonstrates that the superfluid, which is likely dark energy, must move at a velocity of c to counteract the gravitational force of the entire cosmos and prevent a black hole universe from collapsing into a central singularity. For the universe to undergo accelerating expansion, this velocity must be greater than c, which brings us closer to the Λ-CDM model, where we must account for the expansion of space itself.