The Gamow (1948) Temperature Formula, Adjusted for the CMB Photon Density Parameter, Predicts the CMB Temperature Now and in the Past

George Gamow suggested in 1948 the following formula for the radiation temperature: (see paper) . He proposed this formula to find the temperature of the universe when radiation was totally dominating in its early stages. However, the formula cannot be used to predict the CMB temperature; for that, Gamow attempted a different, more speculative formula. In this paper, we will demonstrate how a small modification to Gamow’s 1948 formula leads to the correct prediction of the CMB temperature, both now and in the past. Furthermore, we show that this is fully consistent with the recently derived CMB temperature from the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The original Gamow temperature formula is valid for the total radiation temperature during the radiation-dominated epoch of the universe, whereas the Stefan-Boltzmann derived CMB temperature is valid only for the CMB after decoupling. The modified Gamow formula presented in this paper is valid for a series of different types of cosmological temperatures (CMB, CνB, and total radiation) from the very beginning of the universe up to the present day.