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A Theoretical Interpretation of Koide Formula

11 June 2026, Version 1
Working Paper
This content is an early or alternative research output and has not been peer-reviewed by Cambridge University Press at the time of posting.

Abstract

This paper provides a theoretical interpretation of the Koide formula and demonstrates that the mass distribution of three generations of leptons may originate from the same generating principle as the three color charges in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). It further suggests a possible symmetry between strong and weak interactions, which offers an explanation for Quantum Chromodynamics and color confinement.

Keywords

Koide formula
mass
color charge
Quantum Chromodynamics

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Version History

Jun 11, 2026 Version 1

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The content is available under CC BY NC ND 4.0 [opens in a new tab]

DOI

10.33774/coe-2026-rx18s
D O I: 10.33774/coe-2026-rx18s [opens in a new tab]

Author’s competing interest statement

The author(s) have declared they have no conflict of interest with regard to this content

Ethics

The author(s) have declared ethics committee/IRB approval is not relevant to this content

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