The Mechanistic Universe: Evaluating the Hypotheses of God and Ghosts through the Lens of Evolutionary Biology

This study investigates and refutes historical, unscientific concepts of "God" and "ghosts" by utilizing contemporary frameworks in physics, biochemistry, and evolutionary biology. Originating from primitive human fear and an inability to comprehend natural phenomena, supernatural frameworks are increasingly obsolete in the face of modern empirical data. This research demonstrates that the universe operates exclusively as a closed, mechanistic system composed of heat, light, matter, and vacuum. By analyzing the chemical evolution of elements (abiogenesis), the constraints of planetary habitability, and the continuous biogeochemical cycling of organic material, we establish that life and death are entirely physical phenomena. Crucially, the concept of a mystical soul separating from the body is a biological impossibility; death is merely the cessation of bodily mechanics, reducing an organism to an inanimate cluster of biochemical elements that directly nourish subsequent plant life. Consequently, this research concludes that there is no empirical, structural, or ecological baseline for the existence of any supernatural force within the cosmos.