On the Constancy of Cyclic Universes: A Conservation of Energy and Gravitational Equilibrium Perspective

The Cyclic Universe Model proposes that the cosmos undergoes infinite iterations of expansion, contraction, and re-expansion through a singularity. A long-standing problem within cyclic cosmology, first formalized by Richard Tolman, asserts that the Second Law of Thermodynamics causes entropy to accumulate across successive cycles, resulting in progressively larger cosmic radii and longer period durations. In this paper, the author presents an alternative physical framework asserting that each cosmic cycle remains identical in spatial extent and temporal duration. By applying the principle of mass-energy conservation, gravitational equilibrium, and a Singularity Reset Hypothesis, the author demonstrates that total energy and gravitational pull remain invariant across cycles, enforcing identical initial conditions for every iteration.