Energy, Mass, and Gravitational Interaction: Cosmological Cycles and Spacetime Dynamics

This paper explores the fundamental interplay between heat energy, mass, and gravitational pull in driving cosmic evolution, stellar lifecycles, and cosmological expansion. Drawing a physical analogy to fluid thermal expansion, specifically the thermodynamic expansion and gravitational collapse observed in a boiling vessel, it models spacetime dynamics from an initial singularity through Big Bang expansion, stellar nucleosynthesis, and core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, this research study examines the four-dimensional spacetime metric governed by the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker framework. By evaluating the balance between mass-energy conservation, relativistic effects, gravitational contraction, and vacuum energy, this paper contextualizes competing cosmological fates: cyclic Big Crunch scenarios versus accelerated expansion in a spatially flat universe.