Cosmic Entities from the Geometric Mean of Maximum and Minimum Unruh Temperatures

04 September 2026, Version 1
This content is an early or alternative research output and has not been peer-reviewed by Cambridge University Press at the time of posting.

Abstract

We develop the phenomenological proposal that the present cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature is the geometric mean of minimum and maximum Unruh temperatures associated, respectively, with the Hubble and Planck scales. The construction assumes from the outset a linearly related Hubble scale, $\RH=ct=c/H$, and the particular limiting accelerations $a_{\min}=c^2/(2\RH)$ and $a_{\max}=c^2/(4\lp)$. The observed monopole temperature $\Tcmb=\SI{2.72548(57)}{K}$ then implies $H_0=\SI{66.8944(280)}{km.s^{-1}.Mpc^{-1}}$. Standard blackbody thermodynamics supplies the corresponding CMB photon number density, energy density, two conventional spectral peak wavelengths, photon-number-weighted mean wavelength, and mean photon energy. Direct formulas in the geometric-mean temperature supply the Hubble parameter, time, radius, critical Friedmann density, and mass; $H_0$ is an output rather than an independent input. All numerical results are collected in two tables. The algebra is exact given the stated postulates, but the postulates are model assumptions; the calculation is therefore a consistency construction rather than evidence that the observed CMB is physically Unruh radiation.

Keywords

cosmic microwave background
Unruh temperature
geometric mean temperature
Hubble parameter
Hubble time
Hubble radius
critical Friedmann density
critical Friedmann mass

Comments

Comments are not moderated before they are posted, but they can be removed by the site moderators if they are found to be in contravention of our Commenting and Discussion Policy [opens in a new tab] - please read this policy before you post. Comments should be used for scholarly discussion of the content in question. You can find more information about how to use the commenting feature here [opens in a new tab] .
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy [opens in a new tab] and Terms of Service [opens in a new tab] apply.