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When Periodicity Fails to Guarantee the Existence of Frequencies

09 April 2025, Version 1
This content is an early or alternative research output and has not been peer-reviewed by Cambridge University Press at the time of posting.

Abstract

In this manuscript, we construct a counterexample in $\mathbb{R}^3$ of a $C^{\infty}$ periodic dynamical system for which the rotation vector exists only in the weak sense, but not in the strong sense. This example highlights the subtle distinctions between the two notions of rotation vectors in the context of periodic flows.

Keywords

Periodic system
differential equation
rotation vector

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